Data

GEODES research aims to develop geophysical exploration methods to identify natural resources like lava tubes and voids, regolith, and subsurface ice on the Moon and other airless bodies to enable future human exploration. To achieve this, the team has conducted field expeditions to collect geophysical datasets at Earth-based analog sites. This diverse geophysical collection features data collected in experiments performed between 2016 and 2024 to characterize subsurface structures and volcanic features. By providing open access to these multidisciplinary surveys, GEODES offers a comprehensive framework for the science community to better understand planetary analogs and optimize future mission architectures.

All data are presented in open-access, public repositories that are the standard for the planetary community. Seismology data is archived at the EarthScope Data Management Center (EarthScope-DMC), while GPR datasets are released through the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Terrestrial Analogs Data Portal. Other data are presented as online supplements in journals, and/or in the Digital Repositories at the University of Maryland (DRUM). The EarthScope DMC is a publicly accessible, permanent archive certified as a trusted repository that is widely used by the scientific community to store and exchange seismological datasets. TheUSGS Terrestrial Analogs Data Portal is a digital repository and discovery tool hosted by the USGS Astrogeology Science Center that catalogs Earth data relevant to planetary science, primarily from field investigations funded by NASA.The DRUM is a University of Maryland Libraries open-access online archive that collects, stores, and shares scholarly works, faculty research, and student theses.

Acronyms used are defined in Table 1.

GEODES Data Collections

1. GPR Surveys: Lava Beds National Monument
• Description: This dataset contains ground-penetrating radar surveys conducted within Lava Beds National Monument to investigate subsurface volcanic structures. The data was collected during campaigns in 2022 and 2024 to support models of lava tube detection.
• Size: < 10 GB
• Format: Radan7, SEGY
• Reference: Schmerr, N., Kruse, S., Richardson, J., Hon, O., Horvath, T., Williams, E., Giles, J., and Whelley, P., (2026), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Surveys in and near Lava Beds National Monument in Northern California, USA in 2022 and 2024: U.S. Geological Survey data release.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.5066/P14EAPJS
2. GPR Surveys: San Francisco Volcanic Field (SFVF)
• Description: These surveys utilize GPR to characterize the subsurface properties of the San Francisco Volcanic Field in northern Arizona. The data release covers field activities spanning from 2016 to 2023.
• Size: < 10 GB
• Format: Radan7, SEGY
• Reference: Schmerr, N., Kruse, S., Richardson, J., Hon, O., Ghent, R., and Bell, E., (2026), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Surveys in the San Francisco Volcanic Field (SFVF) in northern Arizona, USA from 2016 and 2023: U.S. Geological Survey data release.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1MVKQU4
3. GPR Surveys: Kilbourne Hole
• Description: This collection features GPR data gathered at Kilbourne Hole, a volcanic maar in the Potrillo Volcanic Field. The surveys from 2021 and 2023 were designed to image the internal volcanic structure of the site.
• Size: < 10 GB
• Format: Radan7, SEGY
• Reference: Schmerr, N., Richardson, J., Wike, L., Hon, O., and Braccia, C., (2026), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Surveys at Kilbourne Hole in the Potrillo Volcanic Field, Southern New Mexico from 2021 and 2023: U.S. Geological Survey data release.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1KNNQKU
4. GEODES Lava Beds National Monument Active Seismic Experiment 2024
   • Description: This dataset contains active source seismic recordings from a flagship campaign at Lava Beds National Monument in 2024. The experiment aimed to probe the subsurface for volcanic features using seismic waves.
   • Size: < 100 GB
   • Format: SEGY
   • Reference: Schmerr, N. & the GEODES Science Team (2024). GEODES Lava Beds National Monument Active Seismic Experiment 2024 [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
   • Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/5mfz-4t41
5. Geophysical Survey of Emory Grove United Methodist Church
• Description: This GPR survey was conducted by University of Maryland geophysics students as part of a sustainability class project. The data provides a high-resolution subsurface view of the church's parking lot.
• Size: < 10 GB
• Format: Radan7
• Reference: Schmerr, N., Herbert, G., Shannan, J., Pederson, M., Udell-Lopez, K. (2023) Geophysical survey of Emory Grove United Methodist Church parking lot using ground-penetrating radar. UMD DRUM.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.13016/08o8-kd41
6. Array-Based Seismic Measurements: OSIRIS-REx Re-entry
• Description: This experiment captured the seismic signals produced by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft's atmospheric re-entry. The recording utilized a seismic array to detect the impact of this high-velocity event on the ground.
• Size: < 10 GB
• Format: PH5
• Reference: Fernando, B., Charalambous, C., & Schmerr, N. (2023). Array-based seismic measurements of OSIRIS-REx’s re-entry [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/8zek-pe59
7. GEODES Lanzarote Active Seismic Experiment
• Description: Conducted in 2023, this active seismic experiment provides data from the volcanic terrains of Lanzarote. It serves as a planetary analog for understanding the subsurface of airless bodies.
• Size: < 100 GB
• Format: SEGY
• Reference: Schmerr, N. & the GEODES Science Team (2023). GEODES Lanzarote Active Seismic Experiment [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/bdzn-eb26
8. GEODES San Francisco Volcanic Field Active Seismic Experiment 2023
• Description: This active seismic dataset was collected in 2023 to map subsurface volcanic structures in the SP Crater region of the SFVF.
• Size: < 100 GB
• Format: SEGY
• Reference: Schmerr, N. & the GEODES Science Team (2023). GEODES San Francisco Volcanic Field Active Seismic Experiment 2023 [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/c22q-v035
9. GEODES Potrillo Volcanic Field Active Nodal Seismic Experiment 2023
• Description: This 2023 dataset features active seismic recordings captured with a nodal array in the Potrillo Volcanic Field. The nodal system provides high-density spatial measurements of the subsurface.
• Size: < 10 GB
• Format: PH5
• Reference: Schmerr, N. & the GEODES Science Team (2023). GEODES Potrillo Volcanic Field Active Nodal Seismic Experiment 2023 [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/1c7x-2e87
10. GEODES Lava Beds National Monument Active Seismic Experiment 2022
• Description: This active source seismic experiment was part of the GEODES 2022 field campaign at Lava Beds. It focused on imaging volcanic features like lava tubes in the shallow subsurface.
• Size: < 100 GB
• Format: SEGY
• Reference: Schmerr, N. & the GEODES Science Team (2022). GEODES Lava Beds National Monument Active Seismic Experiment 2022 [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/7d0r-vq50
11. GEODES Kilbourne Hole Active Source Seismic Experiment
• Description: A 2021 active source seismic survey targeted at characterizing the internal structure of the Kilbourne Hole volcanic maar. This experiment provided ground truth for planetary regolith and volcanic models.
• Size: < 100 GB
• Format: SEGY
• Reference: Schmerr, N. & the GEODES Science Team (2021). GEODES Kilbourne Hole Active Source Seismic Experiment [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/anaf-z443
12. GEODES Hawaii Active Seismic Experiment 2019
• Description: This 2019 experiment used active seismic methods to study the volcanic properties of Hawaii's basaltic terrain. The data helps model how seismic waves travel through porous, volcanic rock.
• Size: < 100 GB
• Format: SEGY
• Reference: Schmerr, N. & the GEODES Science Team (2019). GEODES Hawaii Active Seismic Experiment 2019 [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/e6mx-fg12
13. SP Crater Geophysical Study
• Description: This study contains geophysical measurements from the SP Crater cinder cone area, collected in 2019. It provides seismic observations of a young, simple volcanic vent.
• Size: < 10 GB
• Format: PH5, SEGY
• Reference: Porter, R., & Schmerr, N. (2019). SP Crater Geophysical Study [Data set]. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/1H_2019
14. SP Crater Network
• Description: This dataset provides long-term seismic monitoring data from a network established at SP Crater in 2016. The collection records local seismicity to understand volcanic field dynamics.
• Size: < 10 GB
• Format: SEED
• Reference: Porter, R., Schmerr, N., (2016), SP Crater Network. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.
• Link: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/4A_2016

Table 1. List of Acronyms